Finnish essential grammar

https://yadi.sk/i/ppLNEFZ9iJnYh

Finnish essential grammar

The relation of Finnish to other languages 1
§2 Finnish past and present 2
§3 The basic characteristics of Finnish 4
§4 What are the special difficulties? 6
2 Pronunciation and sound structure 9
§5 Letters and sounds 9
§6 Vowels and consonants 10
§7 Short and long sounds 12
§8 Diphthongs 14
§9 Syllables 14
§10 Stress and intonation 15
§11 Vowel harmony 16
3 A survey of word structure 18
§12 Nominals and their endings 18
§13 Finite verb forms and their endings 21
§14 Non-finite verb forms and their endings 24
4 Two important sound alternations 28
§15 Consonant gradation (p, t, k) 28
§16 Vowel changes before -i- endings 38
5 The declension of nominals 44
§17 General 44
§18 Nominals with a basic form in -i 46
§19 Nominals with a basic form in -e 49
§20 Nominals with a basic form ending in a consonant