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Each of the 14 chapters begins with one or more paragraphs which are
intended to tell briefly the content of the chapter. Each ends with a summary,
which briefly reviews the content of the chapter and also tries to show the importance
of what has been treated, or to describe some problems in analyzing not
taken up within the chapter. The last section, called Notes, suggests readings
in other books for those who want to extend their exploration of these topics.
Linguistics, like every academic discipline, has its own technical terms, and
some of them are used in this book. These terms are in bold print when they
are first introduced. Some of the terms, such as suffix, may already be familiar
to you; some, like allophone, are likely to be new; and some will probably be
familiar to you but you will find that they are used here in a more specialized
way; accent, assimilation, and stop are examples. The Glossary provides
definitions or explanations, with examples.
Description of pronunciations also requires the use of special symbols, which
are introduced from chapter 2 on. As with technical terms, several of these
symbols will be unfamiliar to you and some – ordinary letters of the Roman
alphabet – you will already know. But every symbol will consistently have
a specific value, always representing the same speech sound or phoneme.
Keep in mind that we are dealing with speech, not spelling, and that English
spelling does not consistently represent what people pronounce. When a
symbol – one or two letters – appears between slant lines, it represents an
English phoneme; for example, /k/ represents the phoneme that occurs at the
beginning of the words cat and kitten and in the middle of second, chicken,
token, and liquor. Symbols in square brackets represent speech sounds or phones;
cold and scold both have the phoneme /k/ but the phoneme is pronounced
with aspiration, [kh], in cold but without aspiration, [k], in scold. A tick (l) is
used to mark the stressed syllable of a word (the syllable following the tick);
for example, lorigin, olriginal, origilnality. Other special signs are explained as
they are introduced.
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