Sunset on the Bosphorus in İstanbul, looking from the Asian shore across to the Sultanahmet district with the Ayasofya (Haghia Sofia) and Sultanahmet Cami (Blue Mosque). See my travel pages for many pictures of Turkey.
This is something I put together for my own use, to serve as a study guide and reasonably complete and organized refresher or review material.
The best book is Geoffrey L. Lewis' excellent Turkish Grammar. My attempt in these pages is to put together a heavily compressed summary of his textbook.
Turkish is a very challenging language for a native speaker of English or other Indo-European languages. Turkish is completely different.
one
two
three
mother
water
English
un
deux
trois
mere
eau
French
ien
twa
trije
mem
wetter
Frisian
eins
zwei
drei
mutter
wasser
German
en
to
tre
mor
vann
Norwegian
odin
dva
tri
mat
voda
Russian
bir
iki
üç
anne
su
Turkish
As Steve Martin observed of the French, "They have a different word for everything!" It's the same with Turkish, except even more so. Much of English, after all, is based on Norman era French, and much of the rest shares the same ancestry as German, Old Norse, and so on. Even Russian is an Indo-European language, so once you get past its alphabet you find similar words. See how similar Indo-European words can be, but look at how different the Turkish equivalents are.
It's not just the semantics or individual words that are very different in Turkish, the syntax or how words are assembled into sentences is also radically different from that of English. You the verb at the end will find.
Let's get to the details. It probably makes the most sense to look at these pages in the following order:
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