364 GRAMMAR SUMMARY
IRREGULAR VERBS
infinitive past simple past participle
be was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
GRAMMAR SUMMARY 365
infinitive past simple past participle
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
366 GRAMMAR SUMMARY
SUMMARY CHART
OF MODALS
AUXILARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST
may 1- polite requests May I borrow your pen?
2- formal permission You may leave the room.
3- less than 50% Where's John? He may have been
certainty He may be at the library at the library.
might 1- less than 50% Where's John? He might have been
certainty He might be at the library at the library.
2- polite request (rare) Might I borrow your pen?
should 1- advisability I should study tonight I should have studied last night
2- 90% certainty She should do well on the test. She should have done well
(future only, not present) on the test.
ought to 1- advisability I ought to study tonight I ought to have studied last night.
2- 90% certainty She ought to do well on the test. She ought to have done
(future only, not present) well on the test.
had better 1- advisability with You had better be on time, (past form uncommon)
threat of bad result or we will leave without you.
be 1- expectation Class is supposed to begin at 10. Class was supposed to begin at 10.
supposed to
be to 1- strong expectation You are to be here at 9:00. You were to be here at 9:00.
must 1- strong necessity I must go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.
2- prohibition You must not open that door.
(negative)
3- 95% certainty Mary isn't in class. She must Mary must have been sick
be sick. (present only) yesterday.
have to 1- necessity I have to go to class tolday I had to go to class yesterday.
2- lack of necessity I don't have to go to class I didn't have to go to class
(negative) today. yesterday.
have got to 1- necessity I have got to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.
will 1- 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00.
(future only)
2- willingness The phone's ringing. I'll get it.
3- polite request Will you please pass the salt?
be going to 1- 100% certainty He is going to be here at 6:00.
(future only)
2- definite plan I'm going to paint my bedroom.I was going to paint my room,
(future only) but I didn't have time.
GRAMMAR SUMMARY 367
AUXILARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST
can 1- ability/possibility I can run fast. I could run fast when
I was a child
2- informal permission You can use my car tomorrow.
3- informal polite Can I borrow your pen?
request
4- impossibility That can't be true! That can't have been true!
(negative only)
could 1- past ability I could run fast when
I was a child.
2- polite request Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me?
3- suggestion I need help in math. You could have talked
You could talk to your teacher. to your teacher.
4- less than 50% Where's John? He could have been at home.
certainty He could be at home.
5- impossibility That couldn't be true! That couldn't have been
(negative only) true!
be able to 1- ability I am able to help you. I was able to help him.
I will be able to help you.
would 1- polite request Would you please pass the salt?
Would you mind if I left early?
2- reference I would rather go to the park I would rather have gone
than stay home. to the park.
3- preference When I was a child,
I would visit my grandparents
every weekend.
used to 1- repeated action I used to visit my
in the past grandparents every weekend.
shall 1- polite question Shall I open the window?
to make a suggestion
2- future with "I" or I shall arrive at nine
we as subject (will=more common)
OPPOSITES
Intermediate
accidentally: on purpose,
active: passive
all: none
ask: answer, reply
asleep: awake
back: forward, front
boring: interesting
brave: cowardly
bride: groom
cause: result
cheap: expensive
common: rare
cool: warm
deep: shallow
defense: attack
deliberately
die: live, be born
fail: succeed
female: male
few: many
first: second, last
friend: enemy
future: past
guilty: innocent
increase: decrease, lessen
kind: unkind, cruel
lose: find, gain
maximum: minimum
noisy: quiet, silent
polite: rude
punishment: reward
remember: forget
simple: complicated, complex
stay: leave
together: apart, separate
true: false
war: peace
well: badly, ill, sick
Advanced
absent: present
accept: reject
admire: despise
amateur: professional
ascend: descend
bless: curse
child: adult
coastal: inland
conceited: modest
concrete: abstract
contract: expand
drunk: sober
educated, knowledgeable
essential: optional
exterior: interior
extremist: moderate
holy: profane
hope: despair
ignorant:
joy: sorrow
modern: old-fashioned
multiple
native: foreigner
natural: artificial
negative: positive, affirmative
niece: nephew, aunt
poverty: riches
pride: humility, modesty
private: public
prosecution: defense
omit include
raise: lower
refuse: consent
rough: smooth, exact
safety: danger, peril
single: double, married,
theory: practice
vacant: occupied
vague: exact, precise
victory: defeat
Elementary
arm: leg
begin: end
black: white
boy: girl, man
broad: narrow
buy: sell
clean: dirty
cold: hot
drink: eat
far: near
fat: thin
father: mother, son
foot: head, hand
full: empty
hard: soft, easy, gentle
light: dark, heavy
old: new, young
right: wrong, left
short: long, tall
small: large, big
summer: winter
wife: husband
368 GRAMMAR SUMMARY
GRAMMAR SUMMARY 369
TENSE USE SENTENCE
Present Simple for something which happens We go out every Saturday night
regularly or which is a habit
for something which remains true The earth travels round the sun.
for a long time or for a scientific fact
to give instructions First you check the gears and handbrake,
then you switch on the engine.
to describe events in jokes, stories Real Madrid beats A.C Milan.
or news items
for future events on a timetable The match begins at 3.30.
or a fixed program
Present for an event in progress at the Look, they're coming out of the cinema now.
Progresive present time
with always, to show surprise or She's always borrowing money from me.
disapproval when an action is repeated
for a definite arrangement, plan or We're flying to Spain next week.
appointment
Present for an event which happened at an I've seen "The Truman Show" twice.
Perfect indefinite time in the past
for an event which began in the She's been a widow for about six months.
past and is still going on
for an event which is finished but I can't write because I've broken my arm.
still effects the present
Present Perfect for an activity which has begun We've been living here
for 6 years.
Progressive in the past and is still going on
Past Simple when a definite point in time is Last night I went to a concert.
mentioned when talking about the past
to describe a past habit When I was at school,
I got up every day at 7 o'clock.
Past for an event which was in progress I was driving along the motorway when
Progressive when another event happened I had a puncture.
for two or more events which were I was digging the garden while John was
in progress at the same time in painting the kitchen.
the past
for an event which had been He was coming to dinner but he had
arranged but which didn't happen to go away on business.
Past Perfect for an event which happened I went back home because I'd forgotten
before another in the past my keys.
Past Perfect to emphasize the continuous activity They had been studying for hours when
Progressive which happened before another in the past they suddenly realized it was midnight.
Be going to for an intention I'm going to write some letters.
for an indication that something is Look at those black clouds.
probable I think it's going to rain.
Will/Shall to make a prediction about the future I guess our team will win the match next week.
Future for an event which will be in progress This time next week I'll
be swimming in
progressive at a certain time in the future the Black Sea.
Future perfect for an event which will be over not They'll have done their homework by
later than a certain time in the future tomorrow.
Future perfect for something still in progress but He'll have been working for the bank
progressive which will be complete not later for 30 years next summer.
TENSES
370 GRAMMAR SUMMARY
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
1. verb + to
Some verbs require an infinitive in the complement.
afford agree aim
arrange attempt decide
deserve fail forget
hope learn manage
offer plan promise
threaten .... ....
(ex) He decided to study in USA.
(ex) How old were you when you learnt to play golf?
2. verb + ...ing
Some verbs require an -ing form in the complement.
admit avoid consider
delay deny fancy
finish imagine involve
miss practice postpone
stop enjoy ....
(ex) Have you considered studying in another country?
(ex) I enjoyed talking with my friend.
Some verb phrases require an -ing form in the complement.
approve of be better off count on
forget about get through insist on
look forward to object to think of
(ex) How about going to China when you get through studying?
(ex) I looked forward to meeting my old friend.
GRAMMAR SUMMARY 371
REFERENCES
The Lighter Side of TEFL-Thomas Kral
U.S Department of State Office of English Language Programs-1994
Lessons with laughter-George Woolard
Language Teaching Publications-1999
English Sketches Elementary-Doug Case, Ken Wilson
MacMillan Heinemann Publication
English Sketches Intermediate-Doug Case, Ken Wilson
MacMillan Heinemann Publication
Chicken Soup for the Soul-Jack Canfield & Mark Victor Hansen
Health Communications Press-1993
A 2nd Helping of Chicken Soup for the Soul-Jack Canfield & Mark Victor Hansen
Ebury Press Random House-1993
A 3rd Serving of Chicken Soup for the Soul- Jack Canfield & Mark Victor Hansen
Health Communications Press-1996
Fairy Tales- SELT Press
Children's Favorite Songs- Ultimate Co. Ltd
The Book of Questions-Gregory Stock
Workman Publishing-1987
Five Minute Activities-Penny Ur&Andrew Wright
Cambridge University Press-1982
101 English Idioms-Harry Collis
NTC Publishing Group-1992
101 English proverbs- Harry Collis
NTC Publishing Group-1992
101 English riddles- Harry Collis
NTC Publishing Group-1996
Letter Writing in English-Anna Maria Malkoç
U.S Department of State Office of English Language Programs-2001
ELT Materials Data CD- Osman Bedel
TOEFL CD- Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
Practical Expressions-Murat Öz
WEB RESOURCES:
www.pitara.com
www.inspirationalstories.com
www.dersimizingilizce.com
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